Caesarean delivery increases the risk of overweight or obesity in 2-year-old children.

The aim of this prospective cohort study was to reveal the effect of mode of delivery, independently of other confounders, on the risk of overweight or obesity in infants (age-sex-specific body mass index ≥ 85th percentile). In total, 294 infants born in the Rize Province between November 1 2013, and September 30 2014, and their mothers were included; all infants attended well-child visits with the same family physician for up to two years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine significant associations. The odds ratio (OR) of overweight and obese children aged 2 years in association with the mode of delivery was estimated by logistic regression analysis. In crude analysis, compared with vaginal delivery, the use of Caesarean Section delivery was associated with the risk of childhood overweight or obesity [OR: 2.06; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-4.30]. Even after multivariate adjustment, this increased risk persisted (adjusted OR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.13-4.18). In conclusion, significantly increased risk of overweight or obesity was found in 2-year-old children born via Caesarean delivery.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? Although there are studies on the relationship between childhood obesity and Caesarean Section delivery, results are inconsistent.What do the results of this study add? This is the first prospective cohort study showing the effect of Caesarean delivery on childhood obesity in Turkish children.What are the implications of these findings from clinical practice and/or further research? Future studies should further investigate the exact reasons underlying the association between Caesarean delivery and childhood metabolic syndrome.

Relationship between anaemia during pregnancy and preterm delivery.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between preterm delivery and maternal anaemia. This retrospective cohort study was completed with 483 women; 294 of them had a normal delivery and 189 had a preterm delivery. The haemoglobin (Hb) values of all the women participating in the study were measured in the first and second trimesters, and the average Hb values were calculated. The pregnant women participating in the study were divided into three groups, according to their Hb level: those with Hb level <10 g/dl, those with Hb level between 10 and 11 g/dl and those with Hb level >11 g/dl. In crude analysis, women with low Hb levels had an increased rate of preterm delivery (odds ratio, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.07-5.49). Our study provides data that low Hb level is effective in preterm delivery. Impact statement What is already known on this subject? Serum Hb levels have inconsistent associations with a risk of preterm delivery. What the results of this study add? Compared with term delivery Hb levels are lower in preterm delivery. It is necessary to take into account the Hb levels of both the first and second trimester of the pregnancy when describing the pregnancy anaemia. What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Given these results, physicians should take into account anaemia in pregnancy when considering the risk of a preterm delivery.

Efectos de las prácticas alimentarias durante la lactancia y de las características maternas en la obesidad infantil / Effects of infant feeding practices and maternal characteristics on early childhood obesity

Introducción. La obesidad infantil es un problema de salud grave en los niños e implica un riesgo posterior de obesidad.Objetivo. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de la alimentación (tiempo de lactancia materna, de lactancia materna exclusiva, lactancia artificial nocturna) y de las características maternas (aumento de peso durante el embarazo, IMC, situación socioeconómica) en el sobrepeso y la obesidad en niños hasta 36 meses. Población y métodos. Se incorporaron al estudio bebés nacidos en Rize (Turquía) entre el 1 de noviembre de 2013 y el 30 de septiembre de 2014, con pesos al nacer entre 2500 g y 4500 g. En tres años, se hicieron 11 entrevistas con las madres.Los niños se asignaron a dos grupos para evaluar la relación entre la obesidad o el sobrepeso y las prácticas alimentarias. Resultados. Se incluyeron 294 niños sanos. El peso medio de los bebés a los 36 meses fue 14,6 kg; 6 (2 %) tenían sobrepeso; 20 (7 %) eran obesos y 268 (91 %) tenían peso normal. De ellos, 82 (21 %) habían recibido exclusivamente leche materna durante menos de seis meses y 212 (55 %) solo leche materna durante seis meses o más. El sobrepeso y la obesidad fueron menos frecuentes entre los niños que recibieron exclusivamente leche materna durante al menos seis meses (p< 0,05). Conclusión. El tiempo de lactancia materna exclusiva y la obesidad materna tienen un efecto importante en el sobrepeso y la obesidad infantiles.

ntroduction. Early childhood obesity is a serious health problem not only because it causes serious health problems in children, but also because it poses a risk of obesity in the later stages of life.Objective. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of feeding (breastfeeding times, exclusive breastfeeding times, instances of night-time bottle feeding) and maternal characteristics (weight gain during pregnancy, BMI, socioeconomic status) on childhood overweight and obesity in children up to 36 months old. Population and methods: Babies born in the province of Rize (Turkey) between the dates of November 1, 2013 and September 30, 2014 whom birth weights between 2500gr and 4500gr participated in our prospective cohort study. The present study lasted for 3 years and 11 interviews were conducted with each mother of the infants during this period. Relationship between obesity or overweight and feeding practices evaluated into two groups according to their feeding practices.Results. 294 healthy children were included. Mean weight of the babies at 36 months were 14.6 kilograms, 6 babies (2 %) were overweight, 20 babies (7 %) were obese, and 268 babies (91 %) were at an normal weight. 82 babies (21 %) exclusive breastfed less than six months and 212 babies (55 %) exclusive breastfed six months or more. Overweight and obesity is less frequent among children who were exclusively breastfed for at least six months (p<0.05). Conclusion. We concluded.that exclusive breastfeeding time and maternal obesity have a significant effect on childhood overweight and obesity.

Effects of infant feeding practices and maternal characteristics on early childhood obesity. / Efectos de las prácticas alimentarias durante la lactancia y de las características maternas en la obesidad infantil.

INTRODUCTION: Early childhood obesity is a serious health problem not only because it causes serious health problems in children, but also because it poses a risk of obesity in the later stages of life. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to determine the effect of feeding (breastfeeding times, exclusive breastfeeding times, instances of night-time bottle feeding) and maternal characteristics (weight gain during pregnancy, BMI, socioeconomic status) on childhood overweight and obesity in children up to 36 months old. POPULATION AND METHODS: Babies born in the province of Rize (Turkey) between the dates of November 1, 2013 and September 30, 2014 whom birth weights between 2500gr and 4500gr participated in our prospective cohort study. The present study lasted for 3 years and 11 interviews were conducted with each mother of the infants during this period. Relationship between obesity or overweight and feeding practices evaluated into two groups according to their feeding practices. RESULTS: 294 healthy children were included. Mean weight of the babies at 36 months were 14.6 kilograms, 6 babies (2 %) were overweight, 20 babies (7 %) were obese, and 268 babies (91 %) were at an normal weight. 82 babies (21 %) exclusive breastfed less than six months and 212 babies (55 %) exclusive breastfed six months or more. Overweight and obesity is less frequent among children who were exclusively breastfed for at least six months (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We concluded.that exclusive breastfeeding time and maternal obesity have a significant effect on childhood overweight and obesity.

Introducción. La obesidad infantil es un problema de salud grave en los niños e implica un riesgo posterior de obesidad. Objetivo. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de la alimentación (tiempo de lactancia materna, de lactancia materna exclusiva, lactancia artificial nocturna) y de las características maternas (aumento de peso durante el embarazo, IMC, situación socioeconómica) en el sobrepeso y la obesidad en niños hasta 36 meses. Población y métodos. Se incorporaron al estudio bebés nacidos en Rize (Turquía) entre el 1 de noviembre de 2013 y el 30 de septiembre de 2014, con pesos al nacer entre 2500 g y 4500 g. En tres años, se hicieron 11 entrevistas con las madres. Los niños se asignaron a dos grupos para evaluar la relación entre la obesidad o el sobrepeso y las prácticas alimentarias. Resultados. Se incluyeron 294 niños sanos. El peso medio de los bebés a los 36 meses fue 14,6 kg; 6 (2 %) tenían sobrepeso; 20 (7 %) eran obesos y 268 (91 %) tenían peso normal. De ellos, 82 (21 %) habían recibido exclusivamente leche materna durante menos de seis meses y 212 (55 %) solo leche materna durante seis meses o más. El sobrepeso y la obesidad fueron menos frecuentes entre los niños que recibieron exclusivamente leche materna durante al menos seis meses (p< 0,05). Conclusión. El tiempo de lactancia materna exclusiva y la obesidad materna tienen un efecto importante en el sobrepeso y la obesidad infantiles.